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Wednesday 12 November 2014
Saturday 1 November 2014
Router
Router (computing):
A router is a networking device, commonly specialized hardware, that forwards data packets between computer networks. This creates an overlay inter network, as a router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the inter network until it reaches its destination node.
The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data, such as web pages, email, IM, and videos between the home computers and the Internet. An example of a router would be the owner's cable or DSL router, which connects to the Internet through an ISP. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Though routers are typically dedicated hardware devices, use of software-based routers has grown increasingly common.
Routing is often confused with bridging, which performs a similar function. The principal difference between the two is that bridging occurs at a lower level and is therefore more of a hardware function whereas routing occurs at a higher level where the software component is more important. And because routing occurs at a higher level, it can perform more complex analysis to determine the optimal path for the packet.
Types of Routing Protocols
Table 3-1 showed how routing protocols can be classified according to various characteristics. This section gives an overview of the most common IP routing protocols. Most of these routing protocols will be examined in detail in other chapters. For now, this section gives a very brief overview of each protocol.
Classifying Routing Protocols
Routing protocols can be classified into different groups according to their characteristics. Specifically, routing protocols can be classified by their:
Purpose: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Operation: Distance vector protocol, link-state protocol, or path-vector protocol
Behavior: Classful (legacy) or classless protocol
For example, IPv4 routing protocols are classified as follows:
RIPv1 (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol
IGRP (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol developed by Cisco (deprecated from 12.2 IOS and later)
RIPv2: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol
EIGRP: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol developed by Cisco
OSPF: IGP, link-state, classless protocol
IS-IS: IGP, link-state, classless protocol
BGP: EGP, path-vector, classless protocol
The data networks that we use in our everyday lives to learn, play, and work range from small, local networks to large, global inter networks. At home, a user may have a router and two or more computers. At work, an organization may have multiple routers and switches servicing the data communication needs of hundreds or even thousands of PCs.
Routers forward packets by using information in the routing table. Routes to remote networks can be learned by the router in two ways: static routes and dynamic routes.
In a large network with numerous networks and subnets , configuring and maintaining static routes between these networks requires a great deal of administrative and operational overhead. This operational overhead is especially cumbersome when changes to the network occur, such as a down link or implementing a new subnet. Implementing dynamic routing protocols can ease the burden of configuration and maintenance tasks and give the network scalability.
This introduces dynamic routing protocols. It explores the benefits of using dynamic routing protocols, how different routing protocols are classified, and the metrics routing protocols use to determine the best path for network traffic. Other topics covered in this chapter include the characteristics of dynamic routing protocols and how the various routing protocols differ. Network professionals must understand the different routing protocols available in order to make informed decisions about when to use static or dynamic routing. They also need to know which dynamic routing protocol is most appropriate in a particular network environment.
A router is a networking device, commonly specialized hardware, that forwards data packets between computer networks. This creates an overlay inter network, as a router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the inter network until it reaches its destination node.
The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data, such as web pages, email, IM, and videos between the home computers and the Internet. An example of a router would be the owner's cable or DSL router, which connects to the Internet through an ISP. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Though routers are typically dedicated hardware devices, use of software-based routers has grown increasingly common.
Types of Routing Protocols
Table 3-1 showed how routing protocols can be classified according to various characteristics. This section gives an overview of the most common IP routing protocols. Most of these routing protocols will be examined in detail in other chapters. For now, this section gives a very brief overview of each protocol.
Classifying Routing Protocols
Routing protocols can be classified into different groups according to their characteristics. Specifically, routing protocols can be classified by their:
Purpose: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Operation: Distance vector protocol, link-state protocol, or path-vector protocol
Behavior: Classful (legacy) or classless protocol
For example, IPv4 routing protocols are classified as follows:
RIPv1 (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol
IGRP (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol developed by Cisco (deprecated from 12.2 IOS and later)
RIPv2: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol
EIGRP: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol developed by Cisco
OSPF: IGP, link-state, classless protocol
IS-IS: IGP, link-state, classless protocol
BGP: EGP, path-vector, classless protocol
The data networks that we use in our everyday lives to learn, play, and work range from small, local networks to large, global inter networks. At home, a user may have a router and two or more computers. At work, an organization may have multiple routers and switches servicing the data communication needs of hundreds or even thousands of PCs.
Routers forward packets by using information in the routing table. Routes to remote networks can be learned by the router in two ways: static routes and dynamic routes.
In a large network with numerous networks and subnets , configuring and maintaining static routes between these networks requires a great deal of administrative and operational overhead. This operational overhead is especially cumbersome when changes to the network occur, such as a down link or implementing a new subnet. Implementing dynamic routing protocols can ease the burden of configuration and maintenance tasks and give the network scalability.
This introduces dynamic routing protocols. It explores the benefits of using dynamic routing protocols, how different routing protocols are classified, and the metrics routing protocols use to determine the best path for network traffic. Other topics covered in this chapter include the characteristics of dynamic routing protocols and how the various routing protocols differ. Network professionals must understand the different routing protocols available in order to make informed decisions about when to use static or dynamic routing. They also need to know which dynamic routing protocol is most appropriate in a particular network environment.
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